Due to the frantical usage of the racket to kill flies, Marin has sustained a serious bodily injury known to the medical community as epicondylitis lateralis humeri. His grandma has advised smearing rakija over it, the doctor has prescribed a strong painkiller, but Marin has ignored every single advice and decided to look for the answer in integer sequences.</p>

He has discovered a previously undiscovered sequence of integers and called it the xorbonacci sequence. The nth element in the sequence is denoted with x_n. The sequence is defined recursively in the following way:

• x₁ = a₁,
• x₂ = a₂,
• ...
• x_k = a_k,
• x_n = x_n−1 ⊕ x_n−2 ⊕ ... ⊕ x_n−k, n > k

Because of a reason only known to Marin, he determined that all his sorrows will go away if you answer his Q queries defined with numbers l and r. The answer to the query is represented with the value

• x_l ⊕ x_l+1 ⊕ ... ⊕ x_r−1 ⊕ x_r

Help Marin and answer his queries.

Please note: The operation ⊕ is the operation of binary XOR.

입력 형식

The first line of input contains the integer K (1 ≤ K ≤ 100 000) from the task.</p>

The following line contains K integers that represent the first K elements in the xorbonacci sequence.

All numbers are smaller than 10¹⁸.

The following line contains the integer Q (1 ≤ Q ≤ 10⁶) from the task.

The ith of the following Q lines contains two integers l_i and r_i (1 ≤ l_i ≤ r_i ≤ 10¹⁸) that represent Marin’s ith query.

출력 형식

Each of the following Q lines of output must contain the answers to Marin’s queries, the order being the same as the input.

예제 입력 1

4
1 3 5 7
3
2 2
2 5
1 5

예제 출력 1

3
1
0

예제 입력 2

5
3 3 4 3 2
4
1 2
1 3
5 6
7 9

예제 출력 2

0
4
7
4